Stem cell research shows promise in treating a range of illnesses and ailments due to their ability to develop into different types of cells. It offers the potential to repair damaged tissues and organs. This blog explores the world of stem cells, discussing their sources and the advancements in stem cell therapy, supported by research evidence.
Where do stem cells come from?
Three types of stem cells are used in stem cell therapy and research: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Of the three stem cells, adult stem cells are the most frequently utilized in stem cell research and therapy. Let’s look at each type and understand their origins.
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
ESCs are produced from embryos. An embryo forms when male and female gametes fuse. These embryonic stem cells are capable of giving rise to a whole human being. With the correct external stimulus, these stem cells can also be driven to differentiate into a specific organ or tissue type.
Scientists extract ESCs from unused embryos left over after IVF (in vitro fertilization) procedures. However, these stem cells face stringent regulatory oversight because these embryos, if given proper nourishment, can divide and give rise to a human being. Permission to use them in stem cell research is very strictly moderated. Also, the use of ESCs in stem cell treatment is completely banned worldwide.
Adult stem cells
Adult stem cells are the stem cells present in the adult body. These stem cells are found all over our body, including the brain, bones, skin, and organs like the liver. These stem cells are multipotent and can divide to differentiate into specific organs or tissues. These stem cells’ replication frequency can be lower than that of ESCs. However, having these stem cells is crucial for maintaining our body’s functionality. For instance, adult stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells) are responsible for replenishing our RBCs every day, and adipose stem cells are responsible for storing fat in our bodies.
You might have found it surprising when we mentioned that stem cells are present even in our brains. But it is true that our brain also has stem cells called neural stem cells, which are present in different parts of our brain.
These stem cells have found their place in both stem cell research and therapy. There are several clinical trials on the way where these adult stem cells are being used for treating kidney diseases, diabetes, knee problems, spinal cord injury, autism, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s. Recently, neural stem cell therapy for Parkinson’s has cleared the first phase of clinical trials, and the company is preparing for the second phase.
Ethical concerns are minimal since these stem cells can be sourced from willing donors. However, regulations vary by country.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
The third type of stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cells, are created by modifying gene expression in adult differentiated cells. Researchers induce stemness by manipulating the expression of four genes, leading to the creation of stem cells similar to embryonic stem cells. However, these cells have altered expressions of the genes Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
The four genes that induce stemness in adult differentiated cells are known as Yamanaka factors, named after their discoverer.
Scientists have used iPSCs to develop several organ and cell types, like heart cells and neural cells, all in laboratory settings. These cells are the most promising type of stem cells. Why? Because they have properties similar to ESCs but are obtained without endangering anyone’s life. Since their discovery, they have been extensively used in stem cell research.
Their usage as stem cell treatments is still under regulatory analysis because these cells occasionally turn carcinogenic. Researchers are constantly evolving how they can be used in treatment, all while complying with ethical and regulatory concerns.
Does stem cell therapy work?
As the first example, to present what stem cells can do, we can look at how hematopoietic progenitor cells (a type of blood stem cells) are being used to treat various blood disorders. This stem cell therapy is used to treat conditions, including lymphoma. The treatment has even earned the approval of the FDA. With their help, numerous lives are saved regularly worldwide. So, we can say that stem cells do work.
Another layer of proof is that stem cells from different sources, including the brain, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and placenta, are all being investigated for treating chronic conditions. In many of these research studies, placental stem cells are safe for use in clinical applications. They are preferred because they are a type of extra-embryonic tissue, and their stemness would be higher than other types of adult stem cells. We can say that the first hurdle to knowing whether we can use stem cells for treatment is their safety.
There is good news because the use of stem cells is well tolerated by people all around the world. Clinical trials are ongoing for stem cell treatment for kidney diseases, diabetes, autism, Alzheimer’s, and many more conditions. Scientists have made long strides, and treatment plans have reached phase III of clinical trials under FDA regulations. It means that the use of stem cells for other conditions is gaining popularity and delivering results to numerous people. For instance, stem cell therapy for knees is becoming popular for treating sports injuries and rheumatoid arthritis.
Stem cell therapy has given hope to numerous people, but there are many reports of people using it for treatment with no results. Why is it so? Well, there are numerous reasons why stem cell therapy does not yield any results. Let’s look at the things one must look out for when procuring stem cells for their therapy.
Things to Consider When Procuring Stem Cells for Research and Therapy
Stem cell therapy shows potential for treating chronic diseases. However, it is important to consider specific aspects when obtaining stem cells, especially for treatment purposes. Here are some key points to keep in mind when procuring stem cells for therapeutics.
Source and Credibility
Make sure the stem cell facility or clinic has a reputation and acquires stem cells from certified sources. Generally, adult stem cells from accredited blood banks or tissue repositories are preferred.
Cell Quality and Testing
Reliable providers conduct testing on the stem cells to ensure they are pure, viable, and free from contamination. Inquire about the tests performed for cell characterization and their outcomes. Please ensure they have been tested for genetic abnormalities like oncogenic genes and infectious diseases like HIV.
Compliance with Regulations
Stem cell therapy is an advancing field with varying regulations. Confirm that the clinic or facility follows all guidelines established by the regulatory entity.
Clinician Expertise
The effectiveness of stem cell therapy largely depends on the proficiency of the clinician administering it. Select a doctor with experience and training in stem cell therapy tailored to your condition.
By considering these factors, you can confidently make choices regarding obtaining stem cells for either research purposes or therapy. Remember that trustworthy sources will openly disclose these details and emphasize well-being and ethical standards.
Conclusion
Although stem cell therapy brings hope to many, it’s important to approach it with caution. The final part of this article highlights factors to consider when obtaining stem cells for use. You can make smart decisions about this quickly-growing area of medicine by looking at things like the reliability of the source, the quality of the cells’ adherence to rules, and the doctors’ knowledge. Remember that reputable providers prioritize transparency, patient safety, and ethical standards.
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